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Bale Province, Ethiopia
Bale (also known as Bali) is the name of two former polities located in the southeastern part of modern Ethiopia.
== The medieval dependency of Bale ==
The earlier Bale was a Muslim tributary kingdom to the Emperor of Ethiopia during the Solomonic dynasty, located between Ifat and Hadiya. Taddesse Tamrat locates Bale south of the Shebelle River, which separated the kingdom from Dawaro to the north and Adal to the northeast;〔Taddesse Tamrat, ''Church and State in Ethiopia (1270-1527)'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 142 n. 1.〕 Richard Pankhurst adds that its southern boundary was the Ganale Dorya River.〔Pankhurst, ''The Ethiopian Borderlands'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 71〕 Ulrich Braukämper, after discussing the evidence, states that this former dependency "occupied an area in the northeast of the province which later was named after it, between the mountain range of Urgoma and the eastern Wabi Bend."〔Braukämper, ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays'' (Hamburg: Lit Verlag, 2002), p. 82〕
This kingdom's earliest surviving mention is in the Soldiers Songs of Emperor Amda Seyon I.〔 The historian Chihab al-Umari described its size as 20 days travel by six days travel, and its lands were more fertile and with a better climate than its Muslim neighbors. It had an army of 18,000 horsemen and "many" foot soldiers.〔G.W.B. Huntingford, ''The Glorious Victories of Ameda Seyon, King of Ethiopia'' (Oxford: University Press, 1965), p. 21.〕
While the Muslim Kingdom of Bale was the first territory under the Ethiopian Emperor Imam that Ahmad Gragn conquered after the Battle of Shimbra Kure,〔This campaign is described in Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin 'Abd al-Qader, ''Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia'', translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 105-122.〕 Emperor Geladewos quickly reconquered it after the Imam's death. However, the territory eventually became the possession of the Oromo people, who had begun settling there as early as the Mudana gadaa (1530-1538).〔Mohammed Hassen, ''The Oromo of Ethiopia: A History 1570-1860'' (Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1994), p.22〕 Ethiopian efforts to reconquer Bale ended when Fasil, brother of Emperor Sarsa Dengel, was killed with all of his people by the Dawe Oromo. Following a failed rebellion against his brother in 1567, Fasil had fled there apparently believing that the southern boundaries would serve him as a power base. Sarsa Dengel, during his successful campaign against the ruler of Harar, advanced as far as the Shabelle, but the Oromo had meanwhile migrated further north into the Amhara ruled empire behind his back. Although the ''Royal chronicle'' of Emperor Susenyos reports that Dagano, the governor of Bale had paid tribute to Emperor Yaqob, Braukämper concludes that "from the entirety of the historical situation that Ethiopia's claim to sovereignty later in the seventeenth century was purely theoretical."〔Braukämper, ''Islamic History'', p. 80〕
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